Certainty index
Very low certainty
The Institute has very little confidence in the effect estimate. The true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate. In this series a very low rating most often reflects an absence of controlled human evidence rather than conflicting evidence.
Graded outcomes
14 documents
Table 1. Outcomes and syntheses graded at very low certainty, on this page.
| Document | Type | Effect or conclusion as recorded |
|---|---|---|
| Ecnoglutide in type 2 diabetes | Evidence extract | −1.8 % HbA1c reported at 24 weeks |
| BPC-157 in mucosal barrier | Evidence extract | A phase 2 programme in ulcerative colitis was conducted and results were not published in a peer-reviewed journal in a form the Institute could verify |
| TB-500 in wound healing | Evidence extract | Clinical trials of the full-length thymosin beta-4 protein were conducted in epidermolysis bullosa and in dry-eye disease; results did not support marketing authorisation |
| Thymosin beta-4 in cardiovascular | Evidence extract | Phase 1 safety study completed; no efficacy conclusion |
| Semax in cognition | Evidence extract | Russian clinical studies report functional improvement after ischaemic stroke and in cognitive disorders |
| Selank in cognition | Evidence extract | Russian clinical studies report anxiolytic effect comparable to benzodiazepines without sedation or withdrawal |
| DSIP in sleep | Evidence extract | Small historical studies reported inconsistent effects on sleep architecture; the effect that gave the peptide its name has not been reliably reproduced |
| Epithalon in ageing | Evidence extract | Russian observational and small controlled reports describe mortality and functional differences over multi-year follow-up |
| Thymalin in immune modulation | Evidence extract | Russian clinical reports describe immunological and clinical effects across a wide range of conditions |
| Human evidence for BPC-157 | Synthesis | The Institute conducted a systematic search for randomised controlled trials of BPC-157 in any human population and indication and identified no trial that met inclusion criteria for which a… |
| Clinical evidence for growth-hormone secretagogues supplied for research | Synthesis | The clinical development of every compound in this group was directed at diagnosis of growth-hormone deficiency, at a specific disease indication, or at nothing beyond phase 1. The Institute… |
| Nationally registered neuropeptides and the retrievability of their evidence base | Synthesis | For each compound in this group the Institute was able to establish that a national registration exists and was not able to retrieve a trial report containing a protocol, a randomisation procedure… |
| Semax in cognitive performance and neuroprotection: effect on the anchor outcome | Synthesis | Very low certainty evidence from 2 contributing trials bears on the effect of Semax on the anchor outcome for cognitive performance and neuroprotection. The estimate the Institute carries in the… |
| Semax in cognitive performance and neuroprotection: tolerability and discontinuation | Synthesis | Very low certainty evidence from 2 contributing trials bears on tolerability. Discontinuation for adverse events is reported in the summary-of-findings table alongside the efficacy outcomes rather… |